Morphologic reaction to persistent stress: Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy and metaplasia.
Intracellular storage  

Cell Injury: Causes of damage. Biochemical mechanisms of cell injury. Reversible cell Injury: Hydropic swelling and Ultrastructural changes. Irreversible cell injury: the morphology of necrosis; the pathogenesis of coagulative and colliquative necrosis

Cell injury caused by Oxygen radicals. Cell injury by chemicals (CCl4 e paracetamolo)

Cell death.  Necrosis. Apoptosis: causes and meccanisms (Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways) Apoptosis induced by Endoplasmidc reticulum stress.

Inflammation. General considerations: Acute inflammation versus Chronic inflammation
Acute inflammation: Vascular permeability and edema. Mediators of increased permeability in Inflammatory edema. Cellular recruitment.Mechanisms of inflammatory cells. Inflammatory Cell activation and mechanisms of inflammatory cell functions. Tissue injury by inflammatory cells.
Chronic Inflammation.

Repair, regeneration and fibrosis.
The extracellular matrix. Regulation of cell proliferation: cell cycle. Cell matrix interactions and cell-cell interactions. Proliferative activity of the tissues: growth factors and membrane receptors. Cell signaling Transduction  

Wound Healing Repair, Regeneration and Fibrosis. Healing by primary and secondary intention. Factors that influence wound healing. Complication of wound healing.  

Neoplasia.
Oncogenes and oncosuppresors: Oncogenes activation.  Oncogenes: ras, myc, Philadelphia Chromosome. Oncosuppressors: Retinoblastoma e p53
Benign versus Malignant Tumors: histological, biochemical characteristics

The biochemistry of the cancer cells: cell cycle kinetics, growth factors and neoplasia.
Invasion and Metastasis of malignant tumors: patterns of spread, biology of invasion and metastasis

Phases of carcinogenogenetic process: Triphasic theory: Initiation, Promotion and Progression (Gastric Tumor by  E. Pylori )

Cancerogentic test in vivo and in vitro models.  Test of Ames

Primary culture versus cell line cultures.  Growth curve of a cell line (lag, log and plateau phases). How to spread cells. Long time preservation of cells. Protocol and treatment of a cella line for toxicity determination. How tio organize a cell culture lab.

Cytotoxicity tests: Neutral red Uptake (NRU), MTT and LDH leakage test

Western blotting

Histological analysis. General principle of immunoistochemistry