Multimuons in cosmic-ray events as seen in ALICE at the LHC

De Falco, A.;Fionda, F. M.;Usai, G. L.;
2025-01-01

Abstract

ALICE is a large experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Located 52 meters underground, its detectors are suitable to measure muons produced by cosmic-ray interactions in the atmosphere. In this paper, the studies of the cosmic muons registered by ALICE during Run 2 (2015-2018) are described. The analysis is limited to multimuon events defined as events with more than four detected muons (N-mu > 4) and in the zenith angle range 0 degrees < theta < 50 degrees. The results are compared with Monte Carlo simulations using three of the main hadronic interaction models describing the air shower development in the atmosphere: QGSJET-II-04, EPOS-LHC, and SIBYLL 2.3d. The interval of the primary cosmic-ray energy involved in the measured muon multiplicity distribution is about 4x10(15) < E-prim < 6x10(16) eV. In this interval none of the three models is able to describe precisely the trend of the composition of cosmic rays as the energy increases. However, QGSJET-II-04 is found to be the only model capable of reproducing reasonably well the muon multiplicity distribution, assuming a heavy composition of the primary cosmic rays over the whole energy range, while SIBYLL 2.3d and EPOS-LHC underpredict the number of muons in a large interval of multiplicity by more than 20% and 30%, respectively. The rate of high muon multiplicity events (N-mu > 100) obtained with QGSJET-II-04 and SIBYLL 2.3d is compatible with the data, while EPOS-LHC produces a significantly lower rate (55% of the measured rate). For both QGSJET-II-04 and SIBYLL 2.3d, the rate is close to the data when the composition is assumed to be dominated by heavy elements, an outcome compatible with the average energy E-prim similar to 10(17) eV of these events. This result places significant constraints on more exotic production mechanisms.
2025
Inglese
4
009
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1475-7516/2025/04/009
Esperti anonimi
scientifica
cosmic ray experiments
cosmic rays detectors
KNEE
Acharya, S.; Agarwal, A.; Rinella, G. Aglieri; Aglietta, L.; Agnello, M.; Agrawal, N.; Ahammed, Z.; Ahmad, S.; Ahn, S. U.; Ahuja, I.; Akindinov, A.; A ...espandi
1.1 Articolo in rivista
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
1 Contributo su Rivista::1.1 Articolo in rivista
262
1059
none
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