Regulation of artificial intelligence by nation-states: comparative analysis and proposed framework

Alessandro Spano;Sonia Cocco

2025-01-01

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Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of national artificial intelligence (AI) initiatives worldwide, focusing on how countries have approached AI regulation so far, using a framework based on five dimensions. The analysis of the national regulations focuses on the following dimensions: scope and definitions of AI, their primary regulatory aims, risk classification methodologies, guiding governance principles and enforcement and oversight mechanisms. The findings reveal both convergence and divergence in national approaches: while countries broadly align on core principles such as transparency, accountability and human-centricity, they differ in how they define AI, assess risk and enforce compliance. These differences reflect distinct legal cultures and strategic priorities, underscoring the need for greater international coordination and policy interoperability.