A Novel Battery Pack Modelling by Single-Cell Characterization for the Design of an All-Electric Aircraft Power System

Giuseppe Bossi

First

;Nicola Campagna;Rosario Miceli;Alfonso Damiano

Last

2026-01-01

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Abstract

This paper proposes a novel methodology for characterising battery packs. The aim is to extend the modelling of a single cell to the entire pack by implementing inconsistency modelling. Accurate scaling factors are employed to account for inconsistencies and scale the equivalent electrical circuit model of a reference battery cell to the size of the pack. This approach yields a simplified model characterised by high accuracy and general applicability. A case study is presented in which the characterisation procedure is applied to a 6S1P battery module consisting of Kokam SLPB100216216H LiB pouch cells. The model is validated, achieving an average error of 0.25% between the simulated and experimental voltages. Afterwards, the normalised scaling coefficient, which can adapt to any battery pack size, is determined. The model is then used to design a two-passenger NASA X-57 Maxwell Mod. II energy storage system and accurately predicts the pack's actual characteristics, particularly its reserve capacity and therefore its ability to provide off-project flight energy.