Metal-Dependent Photodissociation of Hydrazone Photoswitches from Rare-Earth Complexes

Melegari, Matteo;Wilharm, Randall K.;Nesta Silva, Rodolpho;Artizzu, Flavia;Serpe, Angela;Trauner, Dirk H.;Tegoni, Matteo;Schelter, Eric J.

;Marchiò, Luciano

2026-01-01

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Abstract

Rare-earth element separation processes often rely on a small decrease in ionic radii along the series of elements. Separation processes based on the distinct optical properties of REs remain less explored, although photochemical methods may offer a viable alternative. Accurate selection of the synthetic precursors of a photoswitchable acylhydrazonic ligand led to a system that could quantitatively isomerize (E-to-Z) upon irradiation with commercial LED lights. Coordination of the photoswitch with REIII nitrates (RE = La-Lu except Pm and Y) resulted in the retention of the photoswitching properties observed in solution. The lower binding affinity of the generated Z-isomer with REIII ions yielded the dissociation of the complexes upon irradiation (photodissociation) with the release of RE-nitrates in solution. The rate of the reaction was found to be dependent on the optical properties of the REIII ions, with nonemissive complexes (no 4f excited states) dissociating faster than emissive ones (having accessible 4f excited states). A thorough solid-state characterization of the complexes was performed by using crystallographic and photochemical methods. Ultimately, the accessibility of the 4f excited states of the metals following light irradiation and excitation of the ligand led to a decrease in the rate of the reaction due to quenching of the ligand excited state. These results demonstrate that the direct modulation of the metal coordination environment, combined with the metal-dependent reaction rate, could provide a strategy for the development of RE-separation processes based on differences in their optical properties.