Measurements of radial neutral density profiles from Balmer-α emission in Wendelstein 7-X

Romba T.;Reimold F.;Ford O. P.;Neelis T. W. C.;Poloskei P.;Grulke O.;Albert C.;Alcuson Belloso J. A.;Aleynikov P.;Aleynikova K.;Alonso A.;Anda G.;Andreeva T.;Arvanitou M.;Ascasibar E.;Aymerich E.;Avramidis K.;Bahner J. -P.;Baek S. -G.;Balden M.;Baldzuhn J.;Ballinger S.;Banduch M.;Bannmann S.;Banon Navarro A.;Baylor L.;Beidler C. D.;Beurskens M.;Biedermann C.;Birkenmeier G.;Bluhm T.;Boeckenhoff D.;Boeyaert D.;Bold D.;Borchardt M.;Borodin D.;Bosch H. -S.;Bouvain H.;Bozhenkov S.;Brauer T.;Braune H.;Brandt C.;Brezinsek S.;Brunner K. J.;Buschel C.;Bussiahn R.;Buzas A.;Buttenschoen B.;Bykov V.;Calvo I.;Cappa A.;Carovani F.;Carralero D.;Carls A.;Carvalho B.;Castano-Bardawil D.;Chaudhary N.;Chelis I.;Chen S.;Cipciar D.;Coenen J. W.;Conway G.;Cornelissen M.;Corre Y.;Costello P.;Crombe K.;Cseh G.;Csillag B.;Cu Castillo H. I.;Czymek G.;Damm H.;Davies R. J.;Day C.;Degenkolbe S.;De Wolf R.;Dekeyser W.;Demby A.;Despontin P.;Dhard C. P.;Dinklage A.;d'Isa F. A.;Dittmar T.;Dreval M.;Drevlak M.;Drews P.;Droste J.;Dunai D.;Dyhring C.;van Eeten P.;Edlund E.;Endler M.;Ennis D. A.;Escoto F. J.;Espinosa M. S.;Estrada T.;Fehling D.;Feuerstein L.;Fellinger J.;Feng Y.;Fernando D. L. C.;Fischer S.;Flom E. R.;Ford O.;Fornal T.;Frank J.;Frerichs H.;Fuchert G.;Gantenbein G.;Gao Y.;Garcia K.;Garcia-Cortes I.;Garcia-Regana J. M.;Geiger B.;Geiger J.;Geissler P.;Gerard M.;Godino-Sedano G.;Gonda T.;Gonzalez A.;Goriaev A.;Gradic D.;Grahl M.;Greuner H.;Grigore E.;Gruca M.;Guerrero Arnaiz J. F.;Haak V.;van Ham L.;Hammond K.;Hamstra B.;Han X.;Hansen S. K.;Harris J.;Hartmann D.;Hathiramani D.;Hegedus S.;Heinrich S.;Helander P.;Henke F.;Henneberg S.;Henschke L.;Hirsch M.;Hoefel U.;Hoefler K.;Hoermann S.;Hollfeld K. -P.;Holtz A.;Hoschen D.;Houry M.;Huang J.;Hubeny M.;Hunger K.;Hwangbo D.;Ida K.;Igitkhanov Y.;Illy S.;Ioannidis Z.;Jablczynska M.;Jablonski S.;Jablonski B.;Jagielski B.;Jakubowski M.;Jelonnek J.;Jenko F.;Jin J.;Johansson A.;Jouniaux G.;Kajita S.;Kallmeyer J. -P.;Kamionka U.;Kasparek W.;Kawan C.;Kazakov Ye. O.;Kenmochi N.;Kernbichler W.;Kharwandikar A. K.;Khokhlov M.;Killer C.;Kirschner A.;Kleiber R.;Klepper C. C.;Klinger T.;Knauer J.;Knieps A.;Kobayashi M.;Kocsis G.;Kolesnichenko Y.;Konies A.;Kontula J.;Kornejew P.;Korteweg S. A.;Koschinsky J.;Koster J.;Kovtun Y.;Kramer-Flecken A.;Krause M.;Kremeyer T.;Krier L.;Kriete D. M.;Krychowiak M.;Ksiazek I.;Kubkowska M.;Kuczynski M. D.;Kulla D.;Kumar A.;Kurki-Suonio T.;Kuzmych I.;Kwak S.;Lancelotti V.;Langenberg A.;Laqua H.;Laqua H. P.;Larsen M. R.;Lazerson S.;Lechte C.;Lee B.;LeViness A.;Lewerentz M.;Liang Y.;Liao L.;Litnovsky A.;Liu J.;Loizu J.;Lopez-Cansino R.;Lopez Rodriguez L. D.;Lorenz A.;Lunsford R.;Luo Y.;Lutsenko V.;Maaziz N.;Machielsen M.;Mackenbach R.;Makowski D.;Maragkoudakis E.;Marchuk O.;Markl M.;Marsen S.;Martinez J.;Marushchenko N.;Masuzaki S.;Maurer D. A.;Mayer M.;McCarthy K. J.;McNeely P.;Medina Roque D.;Meineke J.;Meitner S.;vaz Mendes S.;Menzel-Barbara A.;van Milligen B.;Mishchenko A.;Moiseenko V.;Moller A.;Moller S.;Moseev D.;Motojima G.;Mulas S.;Mulholland P.;Nagel M.;Nagy D.;Narbutt Y.;Naujoks D.;Nelde P.;Neu R.;Neubauer O.;Neuner U.;Nicolai D.;Nielsen S.;Nuhrenberg C.;Ochoukov R.;Offermanns G.;Ongena J.;Oosterbeek J. W.;Otte M.;Pablant N.;Panadero Alvarez N.;Pandey A.;Partesotti G.;Pasch E. A.;Pavlichenko R.;Pawelec E.;Pedersen T. S.;Perseo V.;Peterson B.;Pisano F.;Plaum B.;Plunk G.;Podavini L.;Polei N. S.;Poloskei P.;Ponomarenko S.;Pons-Villalonga P.;Porkolab M.;Proll J.;Pueschel M. J.;Puig Sitjes A.;Ragona R.;Rahbarnia K.;Rasinski M.;Rasmussen J.;Refy D.;Richou M.;Riemann J. S.;Risse K.;de la Riva Villen J.;Roberg-Clark G.;Rodriguez E.;Rohde V.;Romazanov J.;Rondeshagen D.;Rud M.;Ruess T.;Rummel T.;Runov A.;Ruset C.;Rust N.;Ryc L.;Rzesnicki T.;Salewski M.;Sanchez E.;Sanchis Sanchez L.;Satheeswaran G.;Schacht J.;Scharff E.;Schilling J.;Schlisio G.;Schmid K.;Schmitt J. C.;Schmitz O.;Schneider M.;Van Schoor M.;Schroder T.;Schroeder R.;Schweer B.;Sereda S.;Shanahan B.;Sias G.;Simko S.;Singh L.;Siusko Y.;Slaby C.;Sleczka M.;Smith B. S.;Smith D. R.;Smith H.;Spolaore M.;Spring A.;Stange T.;von Stechow A.;Stepanov I.;Stern M.;Stroth U.;Suzuki Y.;Swee C.;Syrocki L.;Szabolics T.;Szepesi T.;Takacs R.;Takahashi H.;Tamura N.;Tantos C.;Terry J.;Thiede S.;Thienpondt H.;Thomsen H.;Thumm M.;Thun T.;Togo S.;Tork T.;Trimino Mora H.;Tsikouras A.;Turkin Y.;Vano L.;Varoutis S.;Vecsei M.;Velasco J. L.;Verstraeten M.;Vervier M.;Viezzer E.;Wagner J.;Wang E.;Wang F.;Wappl M.;Warmer F.;Wegner T.;Wei Y.;Weir G.;Wendler N.;Wenzel U.;White A.;Wilms F.;Windisch T.;Winter A.;Winters V.;Wolf R.;Wurden G.;Xanthopoulos P.;Xiang H. M.;Xu S.;Yamada H.;Yang J.;Yi R.;Yokoyama M.;Zamorski B.;Zanini M.;Zarnstorff M.;Zhang D.;Zhou S.;Zhu J.;Zimmermann J.;Zocco A.;Zoletnik S.

2025-01-01

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Abstract

Radial neutral density profiles are estimated from measurements of passive Hα emission in the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator. To parametrize the generally three-dimensional distribution with a low number of degrees of freedom, the neutral density is reduced to a flux surface quantity. Accounting for emission from excitation and recombination processes, neutral density profiles are derived independently for each of the available lines of sight. Density profiles obtained from the different viewing geometries are found to vary within one order of magnitude. Toroidally oriented lines of sight predict systematically lower neutral densities when compared to poloidally oriented ones. This discrepancy is attributed to the simplifications inherent in the imposed model and significant differences in integration volumes across the viewing geometries. In line with expectations, obtained neutral densities are found to decrease with increasing plasma density. Key restrictions of the model include the reduction of the neutral density to a flux surface quantity, uncertainties in the plasma profiles and instrument function, and line integration effects outside the last closed flux surface.